Популизм и «антипопулизм» в американской президентской кампании 2024 года

Populism and anti-populism in 2024 us presidential campaign

DOI: 10.33979/2587-7534-2025-2-167-181

УДК 32.019.51

Стракевич А.А., кандидат политических наук, независимый исследователь

Strakevich A.A., Candidate of Political Sciences, independent researcher

Обозначение Д. Трампа в качестве популистского кандидата возникает еще в 2016 г., при этом в ходе кампании 2024 г. мы обнаруживаем в 12.4 раз больше материалов, одновременно упоминающих Д. Трампа и популизм. В рамках настоящей статьи мы стремимся ответить на два вопроса. На первом этапе мы приводим обзор понятия «популизм» и выделяем критерии, определяемые исследователями в качестве его маркеров. Это позволяет нам понять – действительно ли риторику республиканского кандидата справедливо определять как «популисткую». Получив 7 положительных критериев из 9, мы приходим к выводу об обоснованности данной трактовки. Вторым этапом становится анализ риторики кандидата от демократов К. Харрис. Для более глубокого понимания сущности «антипопулизма» мы применяем критерии, ранее характеризовавшиеся как «популистские» – и обнаруживаем соответствия по 6 из 9 пунктов. Это дает нам основание предполагать: в ходе президентской гонки 2024 г. популизм не был прерогативой какой-либо одной стороны – а значит, речь идет либо об обычной политической практике, сознательно стигматизируемой частью политического спектра (на что указывал Э. Лакло), либо об общем смещении американской политики в сторону популизма.

Ключевые слова: популизм, антипопулизм, выборы, США, Дональд Трамп, Камала Харрис.

Donald Trump has been referred to as a populist candidate since 2016. During the 2024 campaign we have found 12.4 times more online materials simultaneously mentioning Trump and populism. This article provides an overview of the academic perceptions of populism and identifies the criteria associated with the concept. This allows us to check whether describing Trump’s rhetoric as ‘populist’ is justified. After having received 7 positive criteria out of 9, we have come to the conclusion that this concept is valid. At the second stage of our research, we analyzed the ‘anti-populist’ rhetoric of Kamala Harris. We have applied the same criteria and found 6 out of 9 matches. As a result, we come to the conclusion that both sides of the 2024 presidential rally are relying on certain populist practices. There are two possible explanations. Thus, it means either that populism is a common political deliberately stigmatized by some of the actors (as described by Ernesto Laclau), or that a general shift towards populism has taken place in the American politics.

Keywords: : populism, anti-populism, elections, USA, Donald Trump, Kamala Harris.

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