ABYSS

сетевое издание (научный электронный журнал)

Инструменты пользователя

Инструменты сайта


abyss_issue:31:16

Популизм и «антипопулизм» в американской президентской кампании 2024 года

Populism and anti-populism in 2024 us presidential campaign

DOI: 10.33979/2587-7534-2025-2-167-181

УДК 32.019.51

Стракевич А.А., кандидат политических наук, независимый исследователь

Strakevich A.A., Candidate of Political Sciences, independent researcher

Обозначение Д. Трампа в качестве популистского кандидата возникает еще в 2016 г., при этом в ходе кампании 2024 г. мы обнаруживаем в 12.4 раз больше материалов, одновременно упоминающих Д. Трампа и популизм. В рамках настоящей статьи мы стремимся ответить на два вопроса. На первом этапе мы приводим обзор понятия «популизм» и выделяем критерии, определяемые исследователями в качестве его маркеров. Это позволяет нам понять – действительно ли риторику республиканского кандидата справедливо определять как «популисткую». Получив 7 положительных критериев из 9, мы приходим к выводу об обоснованности данной трактовки. Вторым этапом становится анализ риторики кандидата от демократов К. Харрис. Для более глубокого понимания сущности «антипопулизма» мы применяем критерии, ранее характеризовавшиеся как «популистские» – и обнаруживаем соответствия по 6 из 9 пунктов. Это дает нам основание предполагать: в ходе президентской гонки 2024 г. популизм не был прерогативой какой-либо одной стороны – а значит, речь идет либо об обычной политической практике, сознательно стигматизируемой частью политического спектра (на что указывал Э. Лакло), либо об общем смещении американской политики в сторону популизма.

Ключевые слова: популизм, антипопулизм, выборы, США, Дональд Трамп, Камала Харрис.

Donald Trump has been referred to as a populist candidate since 2016. During the 2024 campaign we have found 12.4 times more online materials simultaneously mentioning Trump and populism. This article provides an overview of the academic perceptions of populism and identifies the criteria associated with the concept. This allows us to check whether describing Trump’s rhetoric as ‘populist’ is justified. After having received 7 positive criteria out of 9, we have come to the conclusion that this concept is valid. At the second stage of our research, we analyzed the ‘anti-populist’ rhetoric of Kamala Harris. We have applied the same criteria and found 6 out of 9 matches. As a result, we come to the conclusion that both sides of the 2024 presidential rally are relying on certain populist practices. There are two possible explanations. Thus, it means either that populism is a common political deliberately stigmatized by some of the actors (as described by Ernesto Laclau), or that a general shift towards populism has taken place in the American politics.

Keywords: : populism, anti-populism, elections, USA, Donald Trump, Kamala Harris.

Список литературы

  1. Выдрин, 1990 – Выдрин Д. И. Технология популизма / Диалог. 1990. № 3. С. 36 46
  2. Заславский, 1991 – Заславский В. Россия на пути к рынку: государственно-зависимые работники и популизм / Полис (Политические исследования). 1991. №5. С. 65-79
  3. Abramson, 2024 – Abramson J. Women can win Harris the election / Prospect. 29.07.2024. URL: https:/www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/united-states/67425/women-can-win-kamala-harris-united-states-election (дата обращения: 07.10.2024)
  4. Astor, 2024 – Astor M. Where Kamala Harris Stands on the Issues: Abortion, Immigration and More / The New York Times. 21.07.2024. URL: https:/www.nytimes.com/2024/07/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-abortion-immigration-economy-israel.html (дата обращения: 07.10.2024)
  5. Barnes, 2024 – Barnes J.E. Vance Describes Plan to End Ukraine War That Sounds a Lot Like Putin’s / The New York Times. 13.09.2024. URL: https:/www.nytimes.com/2024/09/13/us/politics/vance-trump-ukraine-russia-war.html (дата обращения: 12.10.2024)
  6. Becker, 2016 – Becker B. Trump's 6 populist positions / Politico. 13.02.2016. URL: https:/ /www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231 (дата обращения: 20.09.2024)
  7. Becket, 2024 – Becket S. Read the full VP debate transcript from the Walz-Vance showdown / CBS News. 02.10.2024. URL: https:/www.cbsnews.com/news/full-vp-debate-transcript-walz-vance-2024/ (дата обращения: 15.10.2024)
  8. Biegon, Hamdaoui, 2024 – Biegon R., Hamdaoui S. Anti-populism and the Trump trauma in US foreign policy / International Affairs. Vol. 100. Issue 5. 2024. P. 1857–1875
  9. Bierman, 2024 – Bierman N. 5 times when Kamala Harris changed her stance on an issue / Los Angeles Times. 10.10.2024. URL: https:/ www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-10-10/2024-election-kamala-harris-policy-shifts (дата обращения: 16.10.2024)
  10. Bradner, Krieg, 2020 – Bradner E., Krieg G. Kamala Harris, as first woman elected VP, says she ‘won’t be the last’ / CNN. 07.11.2020. URL: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-speech/index.html (дата обращения: 11.10.2024)
  11. Brennan, 2016 – Brennan J. Trump Won Because Voters Are Ignorant, Literally / / Foreign Policy. 10.11.2016. URL: https:/foreignpolicy.com/2016/11/10/the-dance-of-the-dunces-trump-clinton-election-republican-democrat/ (дата обращения: 05.10.2024)
  12. Burn-Murdoch, 2024 – Burn-Murdoch J. American politics is undergoing a racial realignment / Financial Times. 08.03.2024. URL: https:/ /www.ft.com/content/a7607626-5491-48bd-aa56-5a10cbeeb768 (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  13. Canovan, 1981 – Canovan M. Populism. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1981. 351 p.
  14. Catanese, 2024 – Catanese D. Donald Trump's 10 Flip-Flops / U.S. News. 13.04.2024. URL: https:/ /www.usnews.com/news/national-news/slideshows/donald-trumps-10-flip-flops (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  15. Gerbaudo, 2014 – Gerbaudo P. Populism 2.0: Social Media Activism, the Generic Internet User and Interactive Direct Democracy / D. Trottier, D. Fuchs. Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014. P. 63-84.
  16. Gerson, 2024 – Gerson J. ‘Preventable’ and ‘predictable’: In Atlanta, Harris addresses deaths tied to Georgia abortion ban / The 19th. 20.09.2024. URL: https:/ /19thnews.org/2024/09/kamala-harris-atlanta-deaths-women-georgia-abortion-ban/ (дата обращения: 07.10.2024)
  17. Google, 2024b – Google. Trump, populist. 2024. URL: https:/ www.google.com/search?q=trump%2C+populist&sca_esv=d48fcc0fc18d8628&biw=1536&bih=738&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F2024%2Ccd_max%3A9%2F30%2F2024 (дата обращения: 30.09.2024)
  18. Google, 2024c – Google. Family supports kamala what to do. 2024. URL: https:/www.google.com/search?q=family+supports+kamala+what+to+do (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  19. Google, 2024d – Google. Family supports kamala what to do. 2024. URL: https:/www.google.com/search?q=family+supports+trump+what+to+do (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  20. Hagstrom, 2024 – Hagstrom A. Trump hits back at Harris with 'Kamala's Project 2025' / Fox News. 26.09.2024. URL: https:/www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-hits-back-harris-kamalas-project-2025 (дата обращения: 12.10.2024)
  21. Harris Waltz, 2024 – Harris Waltz. A new way forward. URL: https:/ kamalaharris.com/issues/ (дата обращения: 08.10.2024)
  22. Harris-Trump presidential debate, 2024 – Harris-Trump presidential debate transcript / ABC News. 11.09.2024. URL: https:/ abcnews.go.com/Politics/harris-trump-presidential-debate-transcript/story?id=113560542 (дата обращения: 27.09.2024)
  23. Helmore, Gambino, Glenza, 2024 – Helmore E., Gambino L., Glenza J. Donald Trump says each US state should determine different abortion law / The Guardian. 08.04.2024. URL: https:/www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/08/trump-abortion-states (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  24. Inglehart, Norris, 2016 – Inglehart, R., Norris P. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash / HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. RWP16-026. 2016. URL: https:/ /www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash (дата обращения: 21.09.2024)
  25. Kindman, 2023 – Kindman K. On How to Survive Your Trump-Supporting Family This Holiday Season / Kindman&Co. 09.11.2023. URL: https:/ /www.kindman.co/blog/on-how-to-survive-your-trump-supporting-family-this-holiday-season (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  26. Laclau, 2005 – Laclau E. On Populist Reason. Verso, 2005. 276 p.
  27. Leftwich, 2009 – Leftwich A. Thinking Politically: On the politics of Politics / A. Leftwich (ed.). What is politics? Polity Press, 2009. 199 p.
  28. LIVE: Walz delivers keynote, 2024 – LIVE: Walz delivers keynote address at Human Rights Campaign National Dinner / MSNBC. 08.09.2024. URL: https:/ /www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ic4TCBIHnEo (дата обращения: 12.10.2024)
  29. MacRae, 1969 – MacRae D. Populism as an ideology / Ionescu G., Gellner E. (eds.) Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics. The Macmillan Company, 1969. P. 153-165
  30. Madhani, Miller, Fram, 2020 – Madhani A., Miller Z., Fram A. Trump resists national shutdown, leaving it up to states / The Associated Press. 02.04.2020. URL: https:/apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-donald-trump-ap-top-news-politics-united-states-c90b24e60a4853cebe96ec995b626f9b (дата обращения: 05.10.2024)
  31. Mandate for Leadership, 2023 – Mandate for Leadership. The Conservative Promise. Project 2025. Presidential Transition Project. Washington DC, 2023. 887 p. URL: https: /www.project2025.org/about/about-project-2025/ (дата обращения: 04.10.2024)
  32. McGraw, Wren, Allison, Cancryn, 2024 – McGraw M., Wren A., Allison N., Cancryn A. Trump keeps flip-flopping his policy positions after meeting with rich people / Politico. 22.06.2024. URL: https:/ /www.politico.com/news/2024/06/22/trump-policy-flip-flop-00164538 (дата обращения: 15.10.2024)
  33. Minogue, 1969 – Minogue K. Populism as a political movement / Ionescu G., Gellner E. (eds.) Populism: Its Meaning and National Characteristics. The Macmillan Company, 1969. P. 197-211
  34. Moffitt, 2018 – Moffitt B. The Populism/Anti-Populism Divide in Western Europe / Democratic Theory. Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2018. P. 1-16.
  35. Mudde, 2004 – Mudde C. The Populist Zeitgeist / Government and Opposition. 2004. P. 542-552
  36. Pangambam, 2024 – Pangambam S. Full Transcript: Trump Speaks At The Economic Club of New York / The Singju Post. 06.09.2024. URL: https:/singjupost.com/full-transcript-trump-speaks-at-the-economic-club-of-new-york/?singlepage=1 (дата обращения: 15.10.2024)
  37. Quora, 2024 – Quora. How do you deal with friends/family who, even at this point, still support Trump? 2024. URL: https: /www.quora.com/How-do-you-deal-with-friends-family-who-even-at-this-point-still-support-Trump (дата обращения: 12.10.2024)
  38. Rajgor, Tobier, 2024 – Rajgor N., Tobier L. How Kamala Harris Can Win More Young Voters / The Nation. 23.09.2024. URL: https:/ www.thenation.com/article/politics/kamala-harris-young-voters-enthusiasm-2024/ (дата обращения: 12.10.2024)
  39. Ray, 2024 – Ray S. Obama Says Black Men Should Stop Making ‘Excuses’ And Support Harris / Forbes. 11.10.2024. URL: https:/ www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/10/11/obama-says-black-men-should-stop-making-excuses-and-get-behind-harris/ (дата обращения: 16.10.2024)
  40. Read the transcript of Kamala Harris’, 2024 – Read the transcript of Kamala Harris’ exclusive solo MSNBC interview / MSNBC. 26.09.2024. URL: https:/ /www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/read-transcript-kamala-harris-msnbc-interview-rcna172771 (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  41. Roznai, Cohen, 2023 – Roznai Y., Cohen A. Post-populist Populism / Verfassungsblog. 19.10.2023. URL: https:/verfassungsblog.de/post-populist-populism/ (дата обращения: 16.10.2024)
  42. Shivonne, 2024 – Shivonne A. What does 'brat' mean, why are people calling VP Kamala Harris one? / FOX5 DC. 25.07.2024. URL: https: /www.fox5dc.com/news/why-is-kamala-brat (дата обращения: 10.10.2024)
  43. Taguieff, 1995 – Taguieff P.-A. Political Science Confronts Populism:From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem / Telos. 103. 1995. P. 9-43
  44. Wagner, 2018 – Wagner J. President Trump says arming teachers would be up to states and ‘very inexpensive’ / The Washington Post. 24.02.2018. URL: https:/www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2018/02/24/president-trump-says-arming-teachers-would-be-up-to-states-and-very-inexpensive/ (дата обращения: 05.10.2024)
  45. 2024 GOP Platform, 2024 – 2024 GOP Platform Make America Great Again! URL: https:/ /rncplatform.donaldjtrump.com/?_gl=1*19gf2i2*_gcl_au*MTc3MzcyNzE0MS4xNzI4MDYxNzI4&_ga=2.66915182.1140228831.1728061729-258177089.1728061729 (дата обращения: 29.09.2024)
  46. 2024 Harris VS. Trump, 2024 – 2024 Harris VS. Trump / The Living Room Candidate. 2024. URL: https:/ /www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2024# (дата обращения: 02.10.2024)

Полный текст PDF

abyss_issue/31/16.txt · Последние изменения: 2025/06/30 10:08 — Желтикова И. В.

Инструменты страницы